Keywords
Gasification, Steam
Carbon dioxide
How to Cite
Abstract
Various nut residues from agricultural production were investigated for their potential to be used as active carbons. Raw materials were pyrolyzed in a fixed bed unit and subsequently gasified by steam or carbon dioxide at different temperatures and duration of heat treatment. Biochars were characterized by physical and chemical analyses with respect to temperature and gasifying agents. Organic and mineral matter, elemental composition, structural characteristics, and surface functional groups were determined. Activation by steam presented a higher reactivity than carbon dioxide, reduced the yield of biochars, consumed more oxygen organic functional groups, favoured pore enlargement at high temperature, and increased the specific surface area (maximum 1257 m2/g) of pyrolyzed materials by 1.4 to 3.8 fold. Activation by carbon dioxide disrupted the hydrogen char structure, favoured microporosity, and increased the specific surface area (maximum 637 m2/g) of pyrolyzed materials by 1.8 to 3 fold. Gasified biochars at a high temperature were highly carbonized and exhibited aromatic structures, especially under steam activation.
References
Wu R, Beutler J, Price C, Baxter L. Biomass char particle surface area and porosity dynamics during gasification. Fuel 2020; 264: 116833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116833
Panoutsou C. Bioenergy in Greece: Policies, diffusion framework and shakeholder interactions. Energ. Policy 2008; 36: 3674-3685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.012
Yargicoglu E, Sadasivam BY, Reddy K, Spokas K. Physical and chemical characterization of waste wood derived biochars. Waste Manag. 2015; 36: 256-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.029
Genuino DA, De Luna MD, Capareda S. Improving the surface properties of municipal solid waste-derived pyrolysis biochar by chemical and thermal activation: Optimization of process parameters and environmental application. Waste Manag. 2018; 72: 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.038
Vamvuka D, Dermitzakis S, Pentari D. Valorization of Meat and Bone Meal through Pyrolysis for Soil Amendment or Lead Adsorption from Wastewaters. Food Bioprod. Process. 2018; 109: 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.04.002
Vamvuka D, Sfakiotakis S, Pantelaki O. Evaluation of gaseous and solid products from the pyrolysis of waste biomass blends for energetic and environmental applications. Fuel 2019; 236: 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.145
Sfakiotakis S, Vamvuka D. Thermal decomposition behaviour, characterization and evaluation of pyrolysis products of agricultural wastes. J. Energy Inst. 2017; 91: 951-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2017.09.001
Hass A, Lima I. Effect of feed source and pyrolysis conditions on properties and metal sorption by sugarcane biochar. Environ. Techn. Innov. 2018; 10: 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.01.007
Pallares J, Gonzalez-Cencerrado A, Arauzo I. Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass Bioenergy 2018; 115: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.015
Liu Z, Zhang F, Liu H, Ba F, Yan S, Hu J. Pyrolysis/gasification of pine sawdust biomass briquettes under carbon dioxide atmosphere: Study on carbon dioxide reduction and biochar briquettes physicochemical properties. Biores. Technol. 2018; 249: 983-991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.012
Eshun J, Wang L, Ansah E, Shahbazi A, Schimmel K, Kabadi V. et.al. Characterization of the physicochemical and structural evolution of biomass particles during combined pyrolysis and CO2 gasification. J. Energ. Inst. 2019; 92: 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2017.11.003
Xu M, Wu Y, Nan D, Lu Q, Yang Y. Effects of gaseous agents on the evolution of char physical and chemical structures during biomass gasification. Biores. Technol. 2019; 292: 121994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121994
Yu T, Abudukeranmu A, Anniwaer A, Situmorang Y, Yoshida A, Hao X. et al. Steam gasification of biochars derived from pruned apple branch with various pyrolysis temperatures. Int. J. Hydr. Energ. 2020; 45: 18323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.226
Koltowski M, Hilber I, Bucheli T, Charmas B, SkubiszewskaZieba J, Oleszczuk P. Activated biochars reduce the exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrially contaminated soils. Chem. Eng. J. 2017; 310: 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.065
Gong H., Tan Z., Zhang L., Huang Q. Preparation of biochar with high absorbability and its nutrient adsorption-desorption behaviour. Sci. Total Environ. 2019; 694:133728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133728
Vamvuka D, Sfakiotakis S. Gasification reactivity and mass spectrometric analysis of gases of energy crop chars under a CO2 atmosphere. Energy Fuels 2015; 29: 3215-3223. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00376
Wang S, Gao B, Zimmerman A, Li Y, Ma L, Harris W, et.al. Physicochemical and sorptive properties of biochars derived from woody and herbaceous biomass. Chemosphere 2015; 134: 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.062
Onorevoli B, Pereira da Silva MG, Machado M, Corbelini V, Caramao E, Jacques R. Characterization of feedstock and biochar from energetic tobacco seed waste pyrolysis and potential application of biochar as an adsorbent. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2018; 6: 1279-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.01.039
Selvarajoo A, Oochit D. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on product yields of palm fibre and its biochar characteristics. Mater. Sci. Energ. Technol. 2020; 3: 575-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2020.06.003
Bubba MD, Anichini B, Bakari Z, Bruzzoniti M, Camisa R, Caprini C. et al. Physicochemical properties and sorption capacities of sawdust-based biochars and commercial activated carbons towards ethoxylated alkylphenols and their phenolic metabolites in effluent wastewater from a textile district. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 708: 135217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135217
Hu Z, Vansant E. Synthesis and characterization of a controlled-micropore-size carbonaceous adsorbent produced from walnut shell. Micropor. Mater. 1995; 3: 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-6513(94)00067-6
Aygun A, Yenisoy-Karakas S, Duman I. Production of granular activated carbon from fruit stones and nutshells and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2003; 66: 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2003.08.028
Martinez M, Torres M, Guzman C, Maestri D. Preparation and characteristics of activated carbon from olive stones and walnut shells. Ind. Crops Prod. 2006; 23: 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.03.001
Mandal S, Sarkar B, Igalavithana AD, Ok YS, Yang X, Lombi E, Bolan N. Mechanistic insights of 2,4-D sorption onto biochar: Influence of feedstock materials and biochar properties. Biores. Technol. 2017; 246: 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.073
Benedetti V, Cordioli E, Patuzzi F, Baratieri M. CO2 adsorption study on pure and chemically activated chars derived from commercial biomass gasifiers. J. CO2 Utiliz. 2019; 33: 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.05.008
Sullivan G, Prigmore R, Knight P, Godfrey A. Activated carbon biochar from municipal waste as a sorptive agent for the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and petroleum based compounds in contaminated liquids. J. Environ. Manag. 2019; 251: 109551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109551
Sigmund G, Huffer T, Hofmann T, Kah M. Biochar total surface area and total pore volume determined by N2 and CO2 physisorption are strongly influenced by degassing temperature. Sci. Total Environ. 2017; 580: 770-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.023
Lee XJ, Lee LY, Gan S, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Ng HK. Biochar potential evaluation of palm oil wastes through slow pyrolysis: Thermochemical characterization and pyrolysis kinetic studies. Biores. Technol. 2017; 236: 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.105
Gopu C, Gao L, Volpe M, Fiori L, Goldfarb J. Valorizing municipal solid waste: Waste to energy and activated carbons for water treatment via pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2018; 133: 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.05.002
Aworn A, Thiravetyan P, Nhbanpote W. Preparation and characteristics of agricultural waste activated carbon by physical activation having macro and mesopores. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2008; 82: 279-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.04.007
Bouchelta C, Medjram M, Bertrand O, Bellat J. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2008; 82: 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.12.009
Gonzalez J, Roman S, Encinar J, Martinez G. Pyrolysis of various biomass residues and char utilization for the production of activated carbons. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2009; 85: 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.11.035
Demiral H, Demiral I, Karabacakoglu B, Tumsek F. Production of activated carbon from olive bagasse by physical activation. Chem. Eng. Res. Dev. 2011; 89: 206-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.05.005
Bhushan B, Nayak A, Kotnala S. Green synthesis of highly porous activated carbon from jackfruit peel: Effect of operating factors on its physic-chemical characteristics. Mater. Today: Proceed. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.554
Zhang H, Voroney RP, Price GW. Effects of temperature and processing conditions on biochar chemical properties and their influence on soil C and N transformations. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2015; 83: 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.006
Chen D, Chen X, Sun J, Zheng Z, Fu K. Pyrolysis polygeneration of pine nut shell: Quality of pyrolysis products and study on the preparation of activated carbon from biochar. Biores. Technol. 2016; 216: 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.107
Bardestani R, Kaliaguine S. Steam activation and mild air oxidation of vacuum pyrolysis biochar. Biomass Bioenergy 2018; 108: 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.10.011
Azargohar R, Dalai AK. Steam and KOH activation of biochar: Experimental and modelling studies. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2008; 110: 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.06.047
Stasi C, Alvira D, Greco G, Gonzalez B, Manya J. Physically activated wheat straw-derived biochar for biomass pyrolysis vapors upgrading with high resistance against coke deactivation. Fuel 2019; 255: 115807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115807
Vamvuka D. Biomass, bioenergy and the environment, Tziolas Publications: Salonica 2009.
Sfakiotakis S. Study on the exploitation of agricultural, urban and industrial wastes of Crete for power production-Thermal and kinetic analyses, PhD dissertation, Technical University of Crete: Chania 2016.
Gonzalez J, Ramiro A, Carmen M, Gonzalez-Garcia C, Ganan J, Encinar J et al. Pyrolysis of almond shells. Energy applications of fractions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005; 44: 3003- 3012. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0490942
Zielinska A, Oleszczuk P, Charmas B, Skubiszewska-Zieba J, Pasieczna S. Effect of sewage sludge properties on the biochar characteristics. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2015; 112: 201- 213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.01.025
Macias-Perez M, Bueno-Lopez A, Lillo-Rodenas M, SalinasMartinez de Lecea C, Linares-Solano A. SO2 retention on CaO/activated carbon sorbents. Part II: effect of activated carbon support. Fuel 2008; 87: 2544-2550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.022
Carrier M, Hardie A, Uras U., Gorgens J., Knoetze J. Production of char from vacuum pyrolysis of South-African sugar cane bagasse and its characterization as activated carbon and biochar. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2012; 96: 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.016
Wu R, Beutler J, Price C, Baxter L. Biomass char particle surface area and porosity dynamics during gasification. Fuel 2020; 264: 116833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116833
Nowicki P, Pietrzak R, Wachowska H. Sorption properties of active carbons obtained from walnut shells by chemical and physical activation. Catal. Today 2010; 150: 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.11.009
Nor N, Chung L, Teong L, Mohamed A. Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control-a review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2013; 1: 658-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.09.017
Shahkarami S, Azargohar R, Dalai A, Soltan J. Breakthrough CO2 adsorption in bio-based activated carbons. J. Environ. Sci. 2015; 34: 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.008
Rambabu N, Rao B, Surisetty V, Das U, Dalai A. Production, characterization and evaluation of activated carbons from deoiled canola meal for environmental applications. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015; 65: 572-581.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.